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Introduction Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used to treat acid-related disorders. However, long-term use has been associated with various health risks. Anatomy and Physiology This image is a detailed diagram of the human stomach lining. It highlights various cellular components and their functions. Here’s a brief overview: Mucus Layer: This layer protects the stomach lining from the acidic environment. Surface Mucous Cells: These cells secrete mucus, trefoil peptides, and bicarbonate to protect the stomach lining. Mucous Neck Cells: Located in the stem cell compartment, these cells also contribute to mucus production. Parietal Cells: These cells secrete acid and intrinsic factor, which are crucial for digestion and vitamin B12 absorption. ECL Cells: These cells secrete histamine, which stimulates acid production. Chief Cells: These cells secrete pepsinogen, an enzyme precursor that helps digest proteins. The diagram also shows the process of cell migration along the stomach...

What is the Fibonacci Sequence? The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. It starts with 0 and 1. So, the sequence looks like this: [ 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, … ] How is it Formed? Start with 0 and 1 : These are the first two numbers. Add the last two numbers : To get the next number, you add the two numbers before it. For example, (0 + 1 = 1) Then, (1 + 1 = 2) Next, (1 + 2 = 3) And so on… Formula The Fibonacci sequence can be written using a formula: [ F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) ] Where: ( F(n) ) is the nth Fibonacci number. ( F(n-1) ) is the previous Fibonacci number. ( F(n-2) ) is the one before that. Example Calculation Let’s calculate the first few numbers: ( F(0) = 0 ) ( F(1) = 1 ) ( F(2) = F(1) + F(0) = 1 + 0 = 1 ) ( F(3) = F(2) + F(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 ) ( F(4) = F(3) + F(2) = 2 + 1 = 3 )...